IV. Conclusion

The following two tables are the summary of our proposals on the revenues side (Table 57) and on the expenses side (Table 58) of the state budget. They could have been implemented if the parliament had modified the State Budget Bill in the spirit of our proposals.

Real wages in the public sector (i.e. public workers and officials in governmental or local governmental organisations) should be increased but not at the cost of layoffs. It is unreasonable to cut down on the number of government officials when they are certainly required to smooth Hungary’s way to the EU. HUF 247 billion are needed for the wage maintain, which includes social security taxes and personal income tax worth HUF 119 billion. And it is not the only source of state revenues here: several tens of billions could work like "hidden reserves" for the state.

The last revenue item is a manifestation of a general improvement in the economy once the majority of the proposals are introduced. For instance, better employment ratios give rise to additional demand; more efficient collection boosts tax payments; sound environment and health add to the social efficiency, improve a country’s competitive position and better its image. All in all, it may well be more than HUF 100 billion, although the exact figure is difficult to quantify.

It is also noteworthy that with the proposed additional revenue and expense items in place, several billions of forints’ worth of co-financing can be expected from the EU.

Table 57

Summary of Proposals to Increase Revenues and Reduce Expenses
based on the State Budget Law for 1999

Description

Additional Revenues

billion HUF

Increased Excise Duties of Fuels

100.0

Consumer Tax and VAT on Fuels Entering Hungary in Fuel Tanks

10.0

Increase and Stricter Enforcement of Motor Vehicle Taxes

30.0

Uniform Rates of Travel Allowances

3.0

Stricter Rules of Expensing Motorcar Use

20.0

Increased Consumer Tax on New Cars

15.0

Consumer Tax on Liquefied Petroleum Gas

20.0

Additional Revenues from Air Transport

10.0

Net Revenues from Increased VAT on Electricity and Natural Gas

60.0

Taxes and Duties from the Nuclear Energy Sector

9.7

Net Revenues from Increased VAT on Chemicals Used in Agriculture

3.0

Environmental Load Fee

12.5

Increased and Wider Range of Environmental Fees

5.0

Increased Mining Tax

1.0

Stockpiling Fees

4.5

Increased Hazardous Waste Penalties

2.0

Increased Soil Protection Taxes

1.0

Implementing "Radó" Methodology

2.0

Higher Tax Rates on Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco

30.0

Consumer Tax on Luxury Goods

10.0

Increased Taxes on Advertisements

17.0

Charging Costs on Imports through Intermediaries

10.0

Efficient Collection of Customs Duties and Taxes on Illegal Trade

15.0

Restriction of Customs Duties Allowances

10.0

Reimbursement to Hungary on the Yugoslav Embargo

100.0

Cancelling Subsidies for Further Motorway Construction

3.8

Curbing Black Economy

40.0

Reduced Allowances and Preferential Treatment of Foreign Companies

10.0

Reduced Interest Payments on State Debts

100.0

Increased Revenues from Social Security Tax and Personal Income Tax from Higher Wages in the Public Sector

 

119.0

Other Measures and Impact of the Above on the Economy

100.0

Total Revenues

882.5

Table 58

Summary of Proposals to Increase Revenues and Reduce Expenses
based on the State Budget Law for 1999

Description

Additional Expenses

billion HUF

Reduced Social Security Tax

457.5

Increased Real Wages in the Public Sector

247.0

Compensation on Higher Taxes on Liquefied Petroleum Gas

4.0

Energy Efficiency Compensation

30.0

Environmental Protection Activities

23.0

Crisis Management through Energy Efficiency

2.0

Public Transportation

10.0

Improvements in Railway Services

8.0

Crisis Management in North-eastern Hungary through Railway Transport

1.5

Increased Support to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

10.0

Hazardous Waste Removal

2.0

Subsidies to Pharmaceutical Research and Development

2.0

Costs of Improving Medical Tourism

2.0

Financial Assistance to Authorities to Curb Black Economy

10.0

Educational Communications

24.0

Research Subsidies (National Academy of Sciences)

5.0

Rehabilitation of Mines

10.0

Use of Stockpiling Fee Revenues on Environmental Protection

4.5

Subsidies to Voluntary, Non-Profit Oriented Organisations

20.0

Credit Line for Embargo Compensation

10.0

Total Expenses

882.5

 

The bottom lines of both tables show that our proposals are meant to better Hungary’s competitive position; improve the services in education, culture and healthcare; support research and development; benefit the environment as well as restrict crime and the black economy without imposing additional burdens on the state budget, the population or businesses.

 


In their work the authors widely used also data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the Internal Revenues Office.